英语写作七大高频结构
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七大高频结构
英国著名作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Samuel Johnson 说，“The joy of life is variety.” 写作也是如此。长句短句交杂，各种句式相揉，就能使文章变动流畅而不会流于阻滞单调。纵观考研高分作文，它们似乎都对五大主力句型情有独钟：总会不失时机地在适当场合交替使用强调结构、排比结构、平行结构、倒装结构、虚拟结构、无人称结构和比较结构。正是由于这七大高频结构的交替使用才使得整篇文章一扫沉闷之气，轻松活泼之势跃然纸上。七大结构各有所长：强调结构彰显思想、加强力度；排比结构形式整饬、音韵铿锵；平行结构并行不悖、节奏相同；倒装结构形式突兀、凸显观点；虚拟结构语气婉约、柔中带刚；无人称结构注重尾重、严谨客观；比较结构变换灵活、使用频繁。
强调结构
强调结构是写作中运用较多的一种结构，它的一般结构是It is +被强调部分+that/who…。如果被强调部分是指物，后面就用that 引导；如果被强调部分是指人，后面就用who或that 引导。例如：
例1 As a matter of fact, it is parents’ excessive love and caring that deprives their kids of the freedom to be independent and to temper their will.
In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.
Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’s understanding the knowledge, hopes, and fears that passed on to the next generation.
Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the water to do our bidding so fascinating.
It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens.
倒装结构
倒装结构形式多变，具有强调和修辞等作用。倒装结构分为两大类型：部分倒装结构和全倒装结构。部分倒装结构是指将助动词或情态动词提前，放在句子主语的前面；全倒装是指将句子的主语和谓语完全调换位置，即把谓语放在主语之前。例如：
例1 Only in this way can we really solve the problem of air pollution caused by automobiles.
In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
例3 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enables the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever possible before.
例4 Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.
例5 And so it does---and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.
例6 Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reach a near standstill.
Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too---and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby born” generations reached its child-bearing years.
Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.
Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientists as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls” among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.”
例10 There is no denying that the Internet does bring us human beings a lot of conveniences, but its dark sides can not be neglectd either.
例11 There is no doubt that giving or taking bribes is still prevalent in our society and there is still a lot of work to do before it is thoroughly addressed.
排比结构
排比结构一般由三句或三句以上句式结构相同、字数相等的句子组成，具有很强的气势。写作中适当运用排比结构，往往能收到很好的表现效果。排比结构尤其适用于论证说理和抒发感情。例如：
例1 Is it humane, for example,that a terminally ill patient is thus caused to feel guilty for remaining alive because he does not want to die? Is it wise that a patient is killed alive simply because of a mistaken terminal diagnosis? And is it possible that euthanasia could be taken advantage of for some ulterior or even criminal purposes?
例2 Do we perceive ourselves as quick and curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliar experiences. Do we think we’re shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us to hesitate, to move slowly, and not take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we think we’re slow to adapt to change or that we’re not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Then we are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.
例3 Let us visualize if China turned out hundreds of Yuan Longping, the father of Chinese hybrid rice, would we worry about the invasion of foreign agricultural products? If we were to set up our own legions of Bill Gates and make Sino-something Softs available to the world, should we fear a Windows monopoly? If we should we have a multitude of negotiators, should we falter in the drawn-out bargaining? Again, if we initiated our own Bell Labs and R&D departments, might we flinch from a high-tech embargo? Surely, the answer is in the negative.
例4 Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers.
平行结构
平行结构是指一个句子中两个或两个以上词性相同、结构相同且字数相等的部分。写作中适当使用平行结构往往能使句式表达整齐匀称，朗朗上口。写作中使用平行结构的例子比比皆是：
It can increase our contentment when we are cheerful and happy, and lesson our pain when we are sad or lonely.
Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled.
What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.
Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.
Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.
Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.
The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of family is positively harmful.
Think of Gallileo’s 17 th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Issac Newton.
If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.
例10 In this process, the journey never really ends, there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
例11 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerve.
例12 The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language---all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.
例13 Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitation of being a parent on “quality time”.
虚拟结构
虚拟结构是用表示与过去、现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。虚拟句的形式繁多，一搬可分为(should)be型和were型。(should)be型虚拟结构一般用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that 分句或由if, though等引导的分句中 ；were型虚拟结构一般用于某些状语从句或名词性从句中。例如：
例1 If this approach were adopted, children would be strong enough to withstand any “storm” in their life.
例2 It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.
例3 If its message were confined merely to information---and that in itself would bedifficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive---advertising would be so boring 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 rain.
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8. It may be that when his life at last comes to an end he will leave no more trace of his sojourn on earth than a stone thrown into a river leaves on the water.
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四．“as … as”
The problem is probably as much political as military.
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Public officials may be removed from office for failing to perform their duties properly as well as for serious violations of law.
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3.She was as good as dead after the final exam.
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