四级语法第一课——简单句 并列句基本知识
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四级语法第一课——简单句+并列句基本知识
课前思考：
英语句型主要分为哪几种？分别是什么？它们之间有什么区别？
什么是简单句？有哪几种常见形式？
二．句子结构分类：
1.
2.
3.
三．简单句句型分类：
Black lives matter.
Peer pressure has a positive side. (2018-06)
A visit to elderly people brings them great laughter and joy. (2019-06 作文)
The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment seriously polluted.
Mutual trust is not a luxury, but it is a necessity. (2018-06作文)
四．简单句句型理解重点：
及物动词与不及物动词区分：
双宾结构与宾宾补结构区分：
谓语动词与系动词区别：
表语的理解：
五．简单句练习部分：
Everybody loves a pay rise.
The down to earth working style won him respect and honor.
She will make him a good husband. // She will make him a good wife.
I will make your English better.
Money can buy you love. // Money can buy your love.
She is smelling the flowers. // The flowers smell good. // Your feet smell.
青海湖最深处 25.5 米。
人们兴高采烈，庆祝丰收。
泰山方圆约400平方公里。
六：并列句理解：
两个或以上独立分句，通过并列连词连接，各分句主谓完整
各分句意思同等重要，互相独立，主要连词：and，or，but，yet
Yet occurrences of shortages and droughts are causing famine and distress in some
areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies（.（01年6月阅读）
四级语法第二课——主谓一致+时态语态
一．课前思考：
主谓一致指的是什么？
时态和语态分别指什么？常见的时态有哪些，分别是什么形式？
二．主谓一致：
1.主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和数与句子的主语保持一致。
主语
谓语/系动词
第三人称/单数
is /was/has/实义动词要在词尾加-s或-es
复数
are/were/have/实义动词
2.主谓一致常见原则：
一）语法一致原则：语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致的
John （likes/like） skating in winter.
They （are/is） playing basketball.
He （was /were）absent from school today because he （was/were） ill.
4. （Are/Is） your mother a worker ?
5. To study English well（is/are）not easy.
6. He and she（are/is）both students of this school.
二）意义一致原则：指主谓一致取决于主语的实际意义。
All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。
All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。
The rest of the lecture is wonderful.
50% of the students in our class are girls.
A number of new books are on the desk.
The number of students in you class is 50.
三．动词时态：
1.时态是一种动词形式，英语动词共有16种时态。我们需要重点掌握的时态共计7种，包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时和过去完成时。
体
体
时
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
一般现在时
do/does
一般过去时
did
一般将来时
will do
一般过去将来时
would do
进行
现在进行时
is/am/are doing
过去进行时
was/were doing
将来进行时
will be doing
过去将来进行时
would be doing
完成
现在完成时
have done
过去完成时
had done
将来完成时
will have done
过去将来完成时
would have done
完成
进行
现在完成进行时
have been doing
过去完成进行时
had been doing
将来完成进行时
will have been doing
过去将来完成进行时
would have been doing
2. 时态翻译练习
1）人们通常在春节和其他节日期间表演狮子舞。
它已逐渐演变成了中国文化的独特元素。
唐朝始于618年，终于907年，是中国历史上最灿烂的时期。
四．动词语态：
1.英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由助动词 be+过去分词（done）构成。助动词be随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表：
时
体
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
is/ am/ are done
was/ were done
will/ shall be done
would/ should be done
进行
is/ am/ are being done
was/ were being done
will/ shall be being done
would/ should be being done
完成
have/ has been done
had been done
will/ shall have been done
would/ should have been done
完成进行
have/ has been being done
had been being done
will/ shall have been being done
would/ should have been being done
2. 被动语态翻译练习
1）剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间。
自上世纪90年代安装缆车以来，参观人数大大增加。
核能是可以安全开发和利用的。
整个义务教育阶段，要求学生在每学期期末参加期末考试。
今年在XX举行了一年一度的外国人汉语演讲比赛。
四级语法第三课——名词性从句
一．课前思考：
什么是复合句？复合句的分类？
名词性从句的分类？各种名词性从句的理解？
各名词性从句的引导词有哪些？这些引导词区别是什么？
二．复合句理解及分类：
一个主句和一个或多个从句，主句表达主要意思，从句表达次要意思
1.
2.
3.
名词性从句引导词
名词从句引导词
对应简单句类型
引导词是否做成分
引导词是否可以省略
连词 that
陈述句
不做成分，无实际含义
在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从句的 that 可
以省略
连词 whether\if
一般疑问句
不做成分，有“是否”得含义
不能省去，因为有“是否”
的含义
连接副词 when, where, why, how
when, where, why, how 在从
连接代词 who, whom, what, which, whose
特殊疑问句
句中作状语；who, whom,
what 做主语、宾语、表语
which 和 whose 作定语，后
不能省去，因为既作“成分”又有“实际含义”
以上统称特殊疑问
接名词
词
三．主语从句：
That 引导的主语从句
Whether/if 引导的主语从句
特殊疑问词引导的主语从句
It 形式主语
that 引导的主语从句
That the little boy got the first prize made his family relatives so proud.
That people often experience trouble sleeping in a different bed in unfamiliar surroundings is a phenomenon known as the “first-night” effect. (2017-12)
whether 引导的主语从句
Whether such taxes work is a matter of debate. (2016-12)
特殊疑问词引导的主语从句
How students ultimately handle stress may depend on their personal test-taking abilities.
（2017-12）
It 形式主语的类型
In today’s job market, it’s not uncommon for job seekers to submit applications for many positions. (2018-06)
It’s commonly known that certain diseases are linked with occupations like lung disease in coal miners. (2016-12)
四.宾语从句：
及物动词后的宾语从句
介词后的宾语从句
I have learned that love, not time, heals all wounds.
Therefore, it is vital that educators everywhere take a careful look not only at what is being done, but also at what should be done in the field of computer education. (1991-01 阅读)
五．表语从句：
There are two worrying features of the slowdown (粮食增速放缓). One is that it has been particularly sharp in the world’s most populous(人口多的) countries, India and China. (2015-06)
六．同位语从句：
There is a popular saying that family happiness spurs social stability.
五．名词性从句练习部分：
Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.
It is reported that 49 million Americans are unsure of where they will find their next meal. （2012-06）
Dr. White said his team wanted to see whether living in greener urban areas had a lasting positive effect on people’s sense of well-being or whether the effect also disappeared after a period of time. (2018-06)
For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is the thief or meter reader, and so on. （1997-01）
As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student, and that a student’s final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the year’s work.
四级语法第四课——定语从句
一．课前思考：
定语是什么？定语从句是什么及其构成？
关系代词及关系副词有哪些？如何选择合适的关系词？
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句如何区分？
定语从句与同位语从句如何区分？
二．定语从句理解及其构成：
形容词作定语与从句作定语的比较
I don’t like lazy peoples.
I don’t like people who don’t love their own country.
先行词和关系词
先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。
关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连 接词称为关系词。
先行词
1）一个词
2）一个短语
3）一个句子
1. Another trend that looks significant in 2015 is that America’s largest population group, Millennials (千禧一代)，will continue to put off buying a house. (2017-06 阅读)
2. Living in an urban area with green spaces has a long-lasting impact on people’s mental well-being, UK researchers found moving to a green space had a sustained positive effect, unlike pay rises or promotion, which only provided a short-term boost. (2018-06)
46. according to one study, what do green spaces do to people?
improve their work efficiency
add to their sustained happiness
help them build a positive attitude towards life.
Lessen their concerns about material well-being.
And exercise releases hormones that can improve mood and relieve stress, which can also help learning. (2016-06)
关系代词
who, whom
先行词只能指“人”
Which
先行词只能指“物”
that, whose
先行词可以指“人”或“物”
We found that for some lottery(彩票) winners who had won more than 500,000 pounds the positive effect was definitely there, but after six months to a year, they were back to the baseline (2018-06 text 1)
关系副词
when
where
why
Our schools need both the talent and the organization to educate each child who arrives at the schooldoor. Some show up ready, but many do not at this critical time when young brains are developing rapidly. (2016-06)
Recently I attended several meetings where we talked about ways to retain students and keep younger faculty members from going elsewhere. (2016-12)
The center of American automobile innovation has in the past decade moved 2,000 miles away. It has migrated from Detroit to Silicon Valley, where self-driving vehicles are coming to life. （2019-06）
why 的用法
why 用来表原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是 reason 等表示原因的名 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。
The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.
The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.
四．定语从句与同位语从句的区分：
The news that you heard is not true.
The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.
The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.
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