4425

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International Journal of Networked and Distributed Computing, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 2013), 2-8 A View Of Cloud Computing Juhnyoung Lee Research Staff Member and Manager IBM T. J. Watson Research Center jyl@us.ibm.com Received and accepted 19 November 2012 Today’s IT infrastructure is under tremendous pressure and is finding it difficult to keep up. In distributed computing environments, up to 85 percent of computing capacity sits idle. 66 percent of every dollar on IT is spent on maintaining current IT infrastructures versus adding new capabilities. In history, operations have industrialized to become smarter. Cloud Computing is positioned to industrialize the IT delivery of the future. It is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of multiple technical advances in the distributed computing area including virtualization, grid computing, autonomic computing, utility computing and software-as-a-service. It provides a new paradigm for consumption and delivery of IT based services – It provides an enhanced user experience with a self-service user interface for IT management. It abstracts the technical details from end-users so that they no longer need expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure “in the cloud” that supports them. It provides flexible pricing based on pay per usage. It enables flexible delivery and sourcing models including private, public and hybrid clouds. Finally, it provides automated provisioning and elastic scaling of IT infrastructure. This paper presents several views on different perspectives of Cloud Computing, including technical advancement, IT delivery and deployment modes, and economics. Keywords: Cloud, cloud computing, infrastructure, services 1. Introduction As the planet gets smarter, the information explosion and rapid change create new challenges. For example, digital data is projected to grow tenfold from 2007 to 2011. Global Internet traffic volume is expected to reach 500 TB by 2013. There will be more than 1 trillion devices connected to the Internet by 2011. All of this data has the potential to provide enterprise with valuable insights for running their businesses more effectively and efficiently. Yet today’s IT infrastructure is under tremendous pressure and is finding it difficult to keep up. In distributed computing environments, up to 85 percent of computing capacity sits idle. 66 percent of every dollar on IT is spent on maintaining current IT infrastructures versus adding new capabilities. In history, operations have industrialized to become smarter. For example, telecommunication companies automate traffic through switches to assure services and lower cost. Manufacturers use robotics to improve quality and lower cost. Local calls were made through human “operators” well into the 1950s. In many parts of the country you could only make long distance calls through an operator well into the 1970s. Automation was required in order to be able to keep up with increasing call volumes. The standardization of the Ford Company’s assembly line was later improved with the Toyota Production System and the implementation of new technologies, e.g. robotics. To be able to deliver the service provided by ATMs, tremendous breakthroughs in standardization were required – to enable to conduct transactions from any machine, without regard to whether you have an account with the owner of the machine. In a similar way to address issues with the service efficiency, quality and costs, IT also needs to become smart about delivering services. The growing complexity of IT systems and soon a trillion connected things demand that sprawling processes become Published by Atlantis Press Copyright: the authors 2 Lee standardized services that are efficient, secure and easy to access. A service management system will provide visibility, control and automation across IT and business services to ensure consistent delivery. Cloud Computing describes a new consumption and delivery model for IT services. Its user experience and business model will provide standardized offerings rapidly provisioned and flexibly priced. Its infrastructure management and services delivery method will provide virtualized resources managed as a single large resource, and deliver services with elastic scaling. Similar to Banking ATMs and Retail Point of Sale, Cloud will be driven by self-service, simplification, standardization, economies of scale, and technology advancement. 2. A Technical View Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of multiple technical advances in distributed computing including virtualization, grid computing, autonomic computing, utility computing and software-as-a-service as shown in Figure 1. Virtualization [2] is an overall trend in enterprise IT that centralizes administrative tasks while improving scalability and workload by combining autonomic computing in which the IT environment will be able to manage itself based on perceived activity, and utility computing in which computer processing power is seen as a utility that clients can pay for only as needed. A precursor to this trend was grid computing in which a “super virtual computer” is composed of many networked loosely coupled computers acting together to perform very large tasks and/or dealing with sudden peaks in demand. Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation, storage and software, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility (such as electricity, water, natural gas, or telephone network). This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer resources; instead, computational resources are essentially rented - turning what was previously a need to purchase products (hardware, software and network bandwidth) into a service. This repackaging of computing services became the foundation of the shift to “On Demand” computing. Software as a Service and Cloud Computing further propagated the idea of computing, application and network as a service. Software as aSservice, SaaS, is a software delivery model in which software and its associated data are hosted centrally, typically in the Internet cloud, and are typically accessed by users using a thin client, normally using a Web browser over the Internet. A characteristic of SaaS is its multi-tenant architecture which enables that a single version of software on a single set of infrastructure (hardware, operating system and network) can be shared by multiple users (“tenants”) with proper isolation among themselves. To support scalability, the software may be installed on multiple machines. This configuration is contrasted with the traditional software, where multiple physical copies of the software are installed across the various customer sites. Driven by the multi-tenancy architecture, SaaS applications tend not to support individual customization that alters the source code of the application, its database schema or its GUI. Instead, multi-tenant applications are designed to support application configuration with a set of parameters that affect its functionality and look-andfeel. The application can be customized to the degree it was designed for based on a set of predefined configuration options. In addition, while SaaS applications do not access a company’s internal systems, they predominantly offer integration protocols and application programming interfaces (APIs) that operate over a wide area network protocols such as HTTP, REST, SOAP and JSON. Software as a service is an integral part of the service management system for Cloud Computing that will address the issues of efficiency, quality and costs of the traditional IT delivery model and provide visibility, control and automation across IT and business services to ensure consistent delivery. Along with SaaS, the service management system for Cloud Computing offers cloud infrastructure services, also known as Infrastructure as a Service, IaaS, which 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 y of corporate IT: Let it rise”, October 23, 2008, http://doc.001pp.com/node/***?story_id=124 11882. 2. IBM, “"Virtualization in education”, October 2007, http://www07.ibm.com/solutions/in/education/download/Virtualizati on%20in%20Education.pdf 1. Scott McNealy, guest speech at a brunch hosted by the Australia-Israel Chamber of Commerce, 2003, http://ozguru.mu.nu/mt3/archives/2003/03/scott_mcnealy .html. A View of Cloud Computing Published by Atlantis Press Copyright: the authors 8 [文章尾部最后500字内容到此结束,中间部分内容请查看底下的图片预览]请点击下方选择您需要的文档下载。

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