虚拟语气知识
以下为《虚拟语气知识》的无排版文字预览，完整内容请下载
虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如：
If I were a bird，I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination.
我希望我能通过考试。
Hope you succeed!
祝你成功！
If only we had been college students last year!
上一年我们要是大学生该多好！
应用条件
在表示假想的虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时某某强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。主要是英语语法的一种表达。
条件状语从句中的应用
条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的甚至完全不可能发生的情况，故采用虚拟语气。
例如：
If he doesn't hurry up，he will miss the bus.如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。( 真实)
If he is free，he will ask me to tell stories.如果他有空，他会要求我讲故事。（真实）
If I were you，I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不可能是你。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）
If there were no air，people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）
I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以亲自去看她，这样好一些。 (=If I saw her personally，it would be better.)
1、表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句：If+主语+动词一般过去时(Be动词用were)
主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do：
If I were you，I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）
If I knew his telephone number，I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
If there were no air or water，there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)
If I had any money with me，I could lend you some.
如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）
If he studied harder，he might pass the exam.
如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：没有努力）
If I were you， I'd wear a shirt and tie.
如果我是你，我就会穿衬衫和领带。（事实：我并不是你） [1]
2、表示与过去事实相反的情况
从句：If+主语+had+done
主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done
eg：
If I had got there earlier，I should/would have met her.
如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。
（事实：去晚了）
If he had taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。
（事实：没有听我的话）
3、表示与将来事实相反
从句：①if+主语+were to do
②if+主语+should+do
③if +动词过去式（be动词用were）
主句：主语+should/would/might/could+do
eg：
If he should come here tomorrow，I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday，we would go skating.
如果下周日下大雪，我们就去滑冰。（事实：下雪可能性很小，不可能）
If she were to be here next Monday，I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）
4、 有时，虚拟条件句中，如果主句和从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。
eg：
If I had worked hard at school，I would be an engineer now.
如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在就是一个工程师了
If they had informed us，we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
如：
If he were free today，we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话，我们就已经派他去XX了。
If he knew her，he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话，他肯定会去问候她了。
5、倒装: 当从句的谓语动词含有were，should，had时，if可以省略，这时从句要用倒装语序，即把were，should，had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。eg：
Were I Tom，I would refuse.
如果我是汤姆，我会拒绝。
Should it be necessary，I would go.
假若有必要，我会去的。
Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived on time.
若不是天气坏，我们就准时到达了。
Should he agree to go there，we would send him there.
要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去了。
Were she here，she would agree with us.
如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。
Had he learnt about computers，we would have hired him to work here.
如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。
【注】
① 若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were，should，had 等缩略成Weren’t，Shouldn’t，Hadn’t而置于句首。
② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：
Had I time，I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)
6、含蓄条件句：非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来。在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…（要不是因为...）等
情况一：条件暗含在副词或介词短语中
这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文，即省略条件从句后，所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的。
But for his help，we would be working now.
要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。（暗含短语but for his help）
But for your help，I would not have succeeded in the experiment.（暗含条件是but for your help）
Without your instruction，I would not have made such great progress.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。（暗含条件介词短语without your instruction）
Without your help，we wouldn’t have achieved so much.（暗含条件是介词短语without your help）
We didn't know his telephone number，otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。（暗含条件otherwise）
It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately.不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。（暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately）
情况二：条件暗含在上下文中
I would not have done it that way.我是不会那么做的。（可能暗含if I were you）
I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you.我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。（可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.）
You might come to join us in the discussion.你可以参加我们的讨论。（可能暗含if you wanted to）
I would have bought the DVD player.我是会买下那台影碟机的。（可能暗含if I had had the money）
But for the storm，we should have arrived earlier.要不是碰到暴雨，我们还会早些到。（可能暗含if it had not been for the storm）。
7、 有时，虚拟条件语气的从句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。
①省略从句
He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。
You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now. 要是我现 在在家里该多好啊。
If only I had got it. 我要是得到它了该多好啊。
8.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。
If I were him，I would not go there.
如果我是他，就不会去那。
If I were you，I would go to look for him.
如果我是你，就会去找他。 [1]
目的状语从句中的应用
1、在for fear that，in case，lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：should+ do。should不能省略
She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in.
她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。
He started out earlier lest he should be late.
他早早地就出发了以防迟到。
2、在so that，in order that所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would /should + do
He goes closer to the speaker so that they can hear him clearer.
他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。
He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word.
他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。
宾语从句中的应用
一、 wish后的宾语从句
动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were)；若表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could+have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done(注意这里的情态动词不能用should)；若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would (could)+动词原形。
注意如果将wish改为过去式wished， 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。如：
I wish I could be of some use. 我希望我能有什么用处。
We wish he didn’t smoke. 我们希望他不吸烟。
I wish prices would come down. 我希望物价能降下来。
I wish the train would come. 我希望火车将会来。
I wished I hadn't spent so much money. 但愿我没有花这么多钱。
二、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句
主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓 语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国 英语中通常可以省略。如：
I insisted that he (should) stay. 我坚持要他留下。
He insisted that I (should) go with them. 他坚持要我同他们一起去。
Rose insisted that he be present. 罗斯坚持要他出席。
The detective insisted that he should have a look. 警探坚持要查看。
注意：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：
He insisted that I had read his letter. 他坚持说我看过他的信。
He insisted that I should read his letter. 他坚持要我看他的信。
三、表示“命令”后的宾语从句
主要是指order， command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语 中通常可以省略。如：
He ordered that it (should) be sent back. 他命令把它送回去。
The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告还押。
The King ordered that the man be released. 国王命令释放那人。
He commanded that we (should) attack at once. 他命令我们立即发起进攻。
四、表示“建议”后的宾语从句
主要是指advise， suggest， propose， recommend等的宾语从句，从句 谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：
He suggested that we should leave early. 他建议我们早点动身。
The doctor advised that he change his job. 医生劝他换工作。
They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他们建议取消这种税。
I suggest that we (should) have lunch right now. 我建议我们现 在就吃午饭。
The committee proposed (that) Mr. Day be elected. 委员会建议推选戴某某。
The doctor advised [suggested] that he (should) not smoke. 医生建议他不要抽烟。
I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once. 我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。
He proposed that Mr. O’Leary be the chairman. 他提议奥列利先生担任主席。
She suggested that I (should) be responsible for the arrangements. 她建议我来负责进行安排。
注意：与动词insist相似，动词suggest后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别也是：若谓语动词所表示的情况尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气，此时suggest通常译为“建议”；若谓语动词所表示的情况为既成事实，则要用陈述语气，此时的suggest通常译为“表明”、“认为”。比较并体会：
He suggested that we (should) stay for dinner. 他建议我们留下吃饭。
What he said suggested that he was a cheat. 他说的话表明他是个骗子。
I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him. 我觉得你与他心照不宣。
五、表示“要求”后的宾语从句
主要是指ask， demand， require， request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语 由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常 可以省略。如：
I ask that he leave. 我要求他走开。
He requires that I (should) appear. 他要求我出场。
They require that I go at once. 他们要求我立刻走。
I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要求约翰立即到那里去。
I requested that he should use his influence on my behalf. 我请求他为我施用他的影响。
He asked that the message be given to Madame immediately. 他要求把信息立即带给夫人。
They dem 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 助你。
③提出劝告或建议。eg：
You'd better ask your father first.
你最好先问一问你的父亲。
You should make a full investigation of it first.
你应该先全面调查一番。
④ 提出问题。eg：
Do you think he could get here on time
你认为他能按时来吗？
Do you expect he would tell us the truth?
你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？
⑤表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：情态动词+ have done。
eg：
You should have got here earlier. 你早该到这里了。
You should have returned it to him. 你早该把它还给他了。
9、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。方式状语从句词条。
运用误区
1.混合条件句的主从句时态不会灵活变化；
2.省略if时，句子调整不正确；
3.不会去找意思中的“应该”含义；
4.陷在虚拟中出不来，把真实条件句当成虚拟条件句。
[文章尾部最后500字内容到此结束,中间部分内容请查看底下的图片预览]请点击下方选择您需要的文档下载。
以上为《虚拟语气知识》的无排版文字预览，完整内容请下载
虚拟语气知识由用户“yanmanfeng”分享发布，转载请注明出处