非谓语动词讲义
以下为《非谓语动词讲义》的无排版文字预览，完整内容请下载
非谓语动词
导读
本讲旨在向同学们介绍非谓语动词的三种基本形式即动名词，不定式，分词；以及它们各自在句中的用途。需要提醒诸位的是应在理解的基础上背记一部分的知识点，例如某些动词后与动名词或是不定式的固定搭配等。
一、知识点拨
非谓语动词，顾名思义，即动词经过变形后（如加ing, ed 或to）不再作为句子的谓语部分，而是充当其他成分使用的语法现象，它们没有人称和数的变化，但仍保留动词的某些特征，如及物动词可有宾语，可带状语，甚至还有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词分为三类：动名词，不定式和分词（现在分词和过去分词），下面就辅以例句逐一讲解。
（一）动名词
I. 概念及构成：动词加ing后作为名词来使用，则称之为动名词。
注意：动名词虽在句法中与名词作用类似，但意义仍有本质的区别。动名词更强调动作性，而名词则偏重物质性。如：home为房屋，具体实物；而housing则指安顿人居住这一动作或状态，故住房问题应译为：housing problems.
II. 句法功能： 象名词一样，动名词通常在句中充当主语，表语，宾语及定语的成分。
1. 动名词作主语表示抽象或习惯性的动作，谓语动词多用单数形式。如：
① Saying is easier than doing.
② Being poor is no disgrace.
如主语部分过长，则可用It来作形式主语，将动名词短语后移。例如：
① It’s terrible not being allowed to smoke at all.
② It’s rather tiring typing so many letters.
注意：（1）通常用动名词作真正主语的结构：It is no use/good doing sth
It is not any use/good doing sth
There is no doing sth
① It is no use waiting here.
② There is no accounting for tastes.
③ There is no hiding of evil but not to do it.
2. 动名词作表语置于系动词之后。例如：
① Denying this will be shutting one’s eyes to facts.
② Her job was keeping the hall as clean as possible.
3. 动名词作宾语有动词宾语同介词宾语之分。
动名词作动词宾语。词法与句法密切相关，应当记住在下列动词后多用动名词作宾语。建议同学利用近义词和反义词的关系成队记忆
admit/confess/deny, suggest/advise/propose, delay/postpone, excuse/pardon/forgive, permit/allow/forbid, avoid/escape, involve/include, appreciate, consider(考虑), imagine, practice, risk, resist, dislike, fancy, quit, mention 等。
① I appreciate her devoting herself to the cause of education.
② She was in low spirit and even considered going away.
同时需要记住的还有一些动词词组如：
feel like, give up, put off, can’t help(情不自禁), can’t stand/resist, be (well) worth doing 等。
动名词作介词宾语。介词后多加名词或相当于名词的动名词作宾语。 如：
① I think I can coax father into increasing my pocket money.
② He bribed the boss into taking him.
值得注意的是介词to与in。
to即接动词原形构成to do的不定式结构又可作介词表示方向性。同学们应当记住以下的to 均为介词，后接动名词doing.
be used/accustomed to, object to, devote…to, get down to, be reduced to, with a view to, what do you say to, look forward to, pay attention to.
in 则往往被省略，造成同学们对其后的doing无从分析成分。其实也是动名词作介词宾语的现象。
spend/waste time/money (in) doing sth 花时间/浪费时间/金钱做某事
have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难
There is no point (in) doing sth 做某事是无意义的
4. 动名词作定语。与名词作定语表修饰对象的用途一样，动名词也有此作用。如：
sleeping-bag dinning -car running-track washing line swimming pool
sleeping pill fishing rod flying suit cooling system hearing aid
III. 其他形式：根据表达的需要，动名词也可做各种变形。
动名词的时态与语态变化
主动式
被动式
一般式
完成式
一般式
完成式
doing
having done
being done
having been done
注意：否定式的not置于最前部。例如：
①They regret not having been able to inform you of the fact.
②He never talked to me about his having been in Paris.
③Nowadays being killed in traffic accidents is a common occurrence.
动名词所有格旨在说明动作的执行者是谁。 如：
① I approved of his taking part in the project.
② I am confident of his succeeding.
作宾语的动名词短语中，所有格’s可省略。 如：
?She didn’t mind Tom(’s)coming late.
（二）不定式
不定式的基本结构为to加动词原形，其用途比动名词更为复杂：既可充当句子的主干——主语，宾语等；又可起修饰作用，作定语、状语、补语。分类说明如下。
I. 句法功能
不定式作主语。与动名词一样，不定式也可作为句子的主语。 如：
① To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.
② To know everything is to know nothing.
( 2 ) 另外，在有些结构中仅用不定式做真正的主语，如：
It is easy/difficult/right/wrong/important/necessary/essential (for sb) to do sth
It is a(n) pleasure/pity/honor (for sb) to do sth
It takes/costs/requires + n. (for sb) to do sth
Nothing is more + adj. than to do sth
① It’s virtue to admit and overcome one’s own shortcomings.
② It takes two to make a quarrel.
* 加上for sb可说明不定式中动作的执行者。
注意：It is adj. for sb to do sth 与 It is adj. of sb to do sth 的内在结构区别。前者是不定式做真正的主语，即To do sth is adj. for sb. 如：
It would be wrong for people to marry for money.
而后者是不定式补充说明形容词，等同于sb is adj. to do sth. 故此句型中的形容词多为可修饰人的形容词，如：brave, careful, clever, considerate, cruel, 等。例如：
It’s silly of you to believe him.
= You are so silly to believe him.
2. 不定式作表语。置于系动词后补充说明主语。如：
The purpose of education is to develop a fine personality in children.
注意： （ 1 ） 在对梦想或对将来打算的描述中，多用不定式而非动名词做表语，如My hope/idea/proposal/plan/aim/intention is to …
( 2 ) 当seem/appear做系动词时也用不定式做表语。
( 3 ) be to do 的特殊含义You are to be rewarded. 你应受奖励。
The man is guilty and is to undergo ten month’s imprisonment. 这人有罪， 必须要服刑十个月。
( 4 ) 不定式做表语时，如主语部分出现了实义动词 “do”，则此时 “to”可省略。如：
All I did was (to) give her a little warning.
不定式作宾语，分动词宾语和介词宾语两种。
( 1 ) 不定式做动词宾语。以下列出的是常见的后跟不定式做宾语的动词：
afford, agree/refuse, intend/attempt/plan/choose/decide, wish/hope/expect, demand, offer, learn, manage, pretend, threaten 等。
① I can’t bear to look back.
② I prefer to call off the meeting on account of our director’s absence.
有时会带sb做间接宾语，如：tell/teach/show sb + wh- to do
I will show you how to start the machine.
当有宾补构成复合宾语，则多用it来做形式宾语，而真正的宾语即不定式后移。如: find/think/consider/feel/believe it + adj./n to do sth
I believe it best to leave the matter entirely to his decision.
② She regards it as of great importance for the Chinese to learn from other countries.
注意：前面已提到某些动词后只可跟动名词或不定式，取其一构成固定搭配。但另一些动词则是既可跟不定式又可跟动名词做宾语的。
意思接近：begin/start/continue; hate/like/love/prefer 等，后跟doing与to do意义差别不大。
意思不同： remember/forget, regret, mean, try, stop, go on 等，后跟doing和to do意思相去甚远。如mean doing---意味着，而mean to do则是“打算”。其余不再一一赘述。
形式不同：need/want/require/deserve表被动意时，或用动名词主动态doing或用不定式被动态to be done. 如：
The shoes need polishing.
= The shoes need to be polished. 鞋子要上光了。
( 2 )介词宾语。在介词but/except (除了)及besides (除了…还)之后的不定式常某某to, 条件是前半部分出现了实义动词do, 试比较：
① I have no choice but to fight to the end.
② I saw no alternative except to appeal to a higher court.
③ There is nothing to do but (to) stick it out to the end.
还有结构can’t but do, can’t help but do 也属做介词宾语的不定式省to的现象。
不定式做宾语补足语，补充说明宾语所做的动作。如：
What caused her to give up her studies?
( 1 ) 常跟不定式做宾补的动词有persuade/advise, permit/allow, force, ask sb to do sth 等
注意：hope与demand无此种用法。
( 2 ) 常跟不定式做宾补的动词词组有arrange for/wait for/rely on/depend on/count on/call on/appeal to sb to do sth
( 3 ) think/consider/suppose/imagine sb (to be) …
want/order/wish/like sth (to be ) done…
这两个结构中作宾补的不定式to be 常被省去。如例句所示：
He is considered (to be) a hero.
My boss wanted the job (to be) finished ahead of schedule.
( 4 ) 感官动词后作宾补的不定式通常某某to
see/watch/hear/notice sb do sth
注意：变为被动语态时，应将to复位。如：
She was seen to enter the building.
( 5 ) 部分使役动词后作宾补的不定式也不带to. 如：
make/let/have sb do sth
注意：变为被动语态时，将to复位，sb is made to do. 但let是例外，即使在被动态中也不加to, 如：
She was let go by the police at last.
5. 不定式作定语。放在所修饰的名词之后，相当于一定语从句。
（1）被修饰名词与不定式内动词构成主谓关系。如：
He is not a man to flinch before difficulties.
注意：被修饰的部分中含有the first/the last （序数词）/the best (最高级)/the only/the next, 则多用不定式作定语。如：
He would be the last to agree to the plan.
(2) 被修饰的名词与不定式内的动词构成动宾关系。如：
She looked for some interesting novel to read.
被修饰的名词与不定式内介词构成介宾关系。 如：
She can find no one to make friends with.
注意：此时的中心词是介词而非动词宾语，故介词不可漏。
He lent me a book to kill time. (×)
He lent me a book to kill time with. (√)
但如果被修饰的中心词是time, place, way则可将不定式中的介词略去。如：
Taking a plane is the fastest way to travel.
( 4 ) 被修饰的名词与不定式构成同位关系。如：
She fulfilled her promise to send him abroad.
如动词与不定式搭配，则其名词形式也多跟不定式作定语修饰，如choice, decision, wish, need, desire, ambition, failure, intention, plan, ability to do sth
6. 不定式作状语
（1）不定式作目的状语表示“为了”，等同于in order to或so as to. 如：
① He travels around the world to gather little-known facts about the disease.
② To save the child, he laid down his life.
( 2 ) 不定式作结果状语多用于如下结构中：too…to… (太…以至于不能…), so…as to, such…as to (如此…以至于)，only to…, enough to….
① A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left.
② He tried to harm other people, only to ruin himself.
③ Let’s hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.
不定式作评注性状语，置于句首，对整句话而非一个动作进行评注。
To be honest/frank, To be exact, To tell the truth, To begin with, To make the matter worse, To cut the long story short 等等
7. 不定式作形容词补足语，置于形容词之后，补充说明形容词。如：
① He is generous to lend us a large sum of money.
② He was stupid to make that silly remark.
如上文所提到过的，有时该句型可转化成It is adj. of sb to do
注意：（1）不定式补充说明形容词时，多用主动态表被动 内容过长，仅展示头部和尾部部分文字预览，全文请查看图片预览。 d shutting her eyes, she prayed to the goddess.
③ The hunter lay on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast.
此时分词的主语并非句子的主语，而是独立存在，如his teeth, his right hand 这种分词有独立主语的现象被称为“独立主格”。除去做方式状语外，也可做原因，条件等其他状语。 如：
① Advice failing, we have to use force.
② All being well, the project will be finished in five months.
注意：有些固定结构中，只用现在分词，就不必考虑动作与主语的主被动关系了。如：
Judging from/by…(据…判断)，Generally/Strictly speaking (总的/严格来说)，Considering (鉴于)，Regarding (关于)，Talking of/Speaking of (说起…)
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